Dynamic Optimization of Autocatalytic Esterification in Semi Batch Reactor using Orthogonal Collocation and Control Vector Parameterization Method

Catalyzed Esterification of Propionic Anhydride with 2-Butanol is commonly applied in semi batch reactors where the process variables undergo significant changes during the duration of the batch. In this semi batch operation, there is no steady state and thus no constant setpoints around which the key variables can be regulated

Simulation And Optimization Studies Of Catalyzed Esterification Of Propionic Anhydride With 2-Butanol: Batch Versus Semi Batch Operation.

A model to represent the catalyzed esterification of propionic anhydride with 2-butanol has been developed and simulated

PID Controller for Batch Process using MATLAB-Simulink-Real-Time-Windows Target

The difficulties in implementing a controller in the real process leads to the practice of a real-time user-friendly simulator programming. This paper presents the application of the Simulink model as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for signal visualization and parameter tuning in the real-time implementations

Online Dynamic Optimization of Feed Flowrate and Temperature Trajectories in Semi Batch Esterification Reactor

In semi batch esterification process, an operating feed flowrate and temperature reactor has a significant effect on conversion that determines final product quality

Policy Matters: : EDI Evaluation of an Academic Library's Policies

Why does policy matter, and how can libraries reform their policies to create a more equitable library for library workers and library users? The authors discuss their experience in reviewing the policies of their library with an EDI (Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion) lens. The authors describe how they initiated and developed this project, the factors that they considered in forming their evaluation rubric, and what they learned from the process

SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION OF PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE WITH 2-BUTANOL: BATCH VERSUS SEMI BATCH OPERATION

ABSTRACT A model to represent the catalyzed esterification of propionic anhydride with 2-butanol has been developed and simulated. Two modes of operation i.e. batch and semi batch have been simulated and compared. The performance of both modes of operation has been compared using two performance indicators i.e. amount of conversion and process time. The effect of feed rate (semi batch) and temperature (both batch and semi batch) towards time required to achieve 97% of conversion has been carried out. Then the time required to achieve 97% conversion in semi batch operation has been optimized using Control Vector Parameterization (CVP) technique. It was observed that the highest conversion can be achieved at the lowest dynamic feed rate. For the effect of temperature, it was found that the process time of batch operation was shorter than in the semi batch if temperature is lower than 323 K, but at temperature greater than 333K, process time required by semi batch is shorter than the batch. For the optimization problem, the optimum temperature and feed rate trajectories obtained were led to shorter process time than batch operation i.e. 98 min for achieving 97% of conversion

Developmental neurotoxic effects of chronic endosulfan exposure in the zebrafish larvae

Endosulfan was listed as a member of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) and the usage was banned, yet this pesticide is still widely used in many developing countries. The usage of this pesticide can reach aquatic system through runoff from agricultural areas. Due to their persistent characteristic in the environment, human population are posed to continuous exposure to endosulfan. Consequently, endosulfan was found in the cord blood and breast milk of pregnant women, thus may induced adverse effects to the developing nervous system. In this study, we focused to determine the developmental neurotoxicity effects of chronic embryonic exposure to endosulfan in the zebrafish larvae. The zebrafish embryos were exposed to several concentrations of endosulfan in a semi static condition, where half of the medium was renewed for every 24 h from 5 hours post fertilization (hpf) until hatching. We measured spontaneous tail coiling at 24 hpf; heart rate at 48 hpf and mortality rate at 72 hpf. We found that, endosulfan decreased the spontaneous tail coiling, heart rate and increased the total percentage of mortality as the concentration increased. At 6 days post fertilization (dpf), we measured the swimming activity of individual larva and found that endosulfan significantly decreased the swimming activity behaviour at 40nM-200nM. The zebrafish larvae exposed to endosulfan higher than 200nM were unable to survive until 6 dpf. We further evaluated anxiety behaviour in the group of 5 larvae at 6 dpf exposed to 200nM endosulfan, with and without visual stimuli. Caffeine (100mg/L) was used as an anxiogenic drug. Caffeine increased the anxiety behaviour while endosulfan decreased the anxiety behaviour in the zebrafish larvae. Our result showed that zebrafish embryos can be an alternative research model to study the developmental neurotoxicity testing at high-throughput screenings